J s diamond tools

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Find articles by W. Steven Barnett. Find articles by Jessica Thomas. Find articles by Sarah Munro. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. E-mail: ac. Copyright notice. The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Science. See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Abstract Cognitive control skills important for success in school and life are amenable to improvement in at-risk preschoolers without costly interventions.

Significance EFs are more strongly associated with school readiness than are intelligence quotient IQ or entry-level reading or math skills 3 , 4. The Study The opportunity to evaluate Tools of the Mind Tools and another curriculum arose when a low-income, urban school district agreed to randomly assign teachers and children to these two curricula.

Participants Data are reported on preschoolers 62 in dBL and 85 in Tools in their second year of preschool average age: 5. Measures of EF Outcome measures the Dots task and a Flanker task were quite different from what any child had done before. Results We report accuracy rather than speed because, for young children, accuracy is the more sensitive measure Conclusions Some think preschool is too early to try to improve EFs.

Open in a separate window. Tools children blue performed better on measures of EF than dBL children red did A The dependent measure is percentage of correct responses. Footnotes Supporting Online Material www. References and Notes 1. Diamond A. In: Lifespan Cognition: Mechanisms of Change. Bialystok E, Craik F, editors.

Oxford Univ. Press; New York: See supporting online material for more information. Blair C, Razza RP. Child Dev. Early Child. Bull R, Scerif G. Child Psychol. Lewin T. Research finds a high rate of expulsions in preschool.

New York Times. Gilliam WS. Noble KG, et al. Remedial Spec. Bodrova E, Leong DJ. Luria AR. In: Reading in the Psychology of Cognition. Holt, Rinehart and Winston; New York: Vygotsky LS. Soviet Psychol. Check-nut wrenches were the forerunners of the modern tappet wrench, a type of thin open-end wrench designed to service opposing nuts on a variety of machinery. Single-ended check-nut wrenches were being offered as early as in the Tenth Edition catalog. Wrenches as that time were available in models ranging from No.

The shank has a depressed panel with "Check Nut Wrench" and a raised W-Diamond logo at the end, and the reverse has the forged-in "" model number. The shank is marked with "Check Nut Wrench" forged into a depressed panel and a W-Diamond logo forged at the end, with the "" model number forged into the reverse. The shank has several forged-in markings, including the "" model number at one end, a depressed panel with "Check Nut Wrench" in the center, and the W-Diamond logo at the other end.

The shank is marked with "Check Nut Wrench" forged into a depressed panel, and the model number and W-Diamond logo are forged into the ends of the shank. The "E" suffix of the model is stamped, indicating that the wrench blank could be used for multiple sizes. The overall length is The face is stamped "Forged in U.

The markings on this wrench allow us to make a reasonably precise estimate of the manufacturing date. The shank is stamped with the model number, and the reverse shank has a forged-in code "T" see lower inset. The shank of this wrench is rough and irregular, suggesting that the forged metal didn't quite fill the die. The finish is also fairly rough, with plainly visible grinding marks on the edge see top inset. The rough finish suggests production during the wartime years, when shortages of materials or labor required compromises in quality.

This next example, while not strictly a check-nut wrench, is similarly thin and was designed for a specialized automotive application. The shank is stamped with "Brake Adjustment", the presumed application for this early angle-head or obstruction wrench. The Williams scroll logo and S. A later version of this wrench in chrome-moly steel can be seen as the Williams Brake Wrench , and a later wrench for a similar application can be seen as the Williams "Special" A Brake Wrench.

Williams produced S-shaped open-end wrenches in several product lines, with the 66x series being probably the most familiar. This series is almost comical in its use of letter suffixes, as more and more sizes were squeezed into the originally small series. The "D" suffix is stamped. This wrench has an unusually clear "Brooklyn" logo, so this image was used for our table of logos. The reverse shank also has a forged-in "T" code. The use of S. The "" base model number is forged into the shank with the "A" suffix stamped, and with the W-Diamond logo forged into the other end.

The inset shows a close-up of the stamped JHW-Forged logo. In addition to the 66x series, Williams also produced an 86x series of heavy-duty S-shaped wrenches with concave handles. These were listed in the catalog as '"S" Wrenches with Concave Handles', and were available in sizes for both square toolpost nuts and hexagon head cap screws.

The "F" suffix is stamped. A forged-in W-Diamond logo also appears on the reverse shank. Williams also produced "S" wrenches in a series typically numbered 75B, 77B, 79, 81B, and 83B, but with letter variants and sometimes with a prefix appended.

An earlier example was shown as the Williams A A. The next several figures shows examples of these wrenches. The use of the older S. The reverse faces are unmarked. The inset shows a close-up of the stamped JHW-Brooklyn logo on the face.

Williams was one of the first companies to offer open-end wrenches with a ratcheting action, made possible by means of a special cut-away opening. These wrenches were covered by a patent and were sold under the "Ratcho" brand.

The shank has depressed panels with forged-in markings "J. The shank also has a W-Diamond logo forged into the front.

The patent date corresponds to patent , , filed by G. Amborn in and issued in The shank has forged-in markings "Ratcho Wrench" and "Patd. The measured opening sizes were approximately 0. The bottom of the socket also has a forged-in "A" model number. The wrench is marked with the "" model number and W-Diamond logo forged into the shank, and with a small JHW-Brooklyn logo stamped on the reverse face. The model wrench was listed in the J. The wrench is stamped with the JHW-Brooklyn logo on the face, with the "" model number on the shank.

The Williams 17th Edition catalog from around lists three models of spark plug wrenches, but the opening sizes for this wrench don't match any of the published specifications.

It's possible that this example was made as a special order. Williams continued the production of the Bull Dog wrenches at least into the s. The shank has forged-in markings "Drop Forged in U. Williams around Tappet Wrench. Introduction Company History. Amborn, Jr. Trademarks Williams registered a number of trademarks, including the W-Diamond logo, "Williams", "Agrippa", "Vulcan", "Superrench", and "Superratchet". Company address in Brooklyn. Serial , For wrenches, wrench sets, sockets and handles.

First-use date for wrench sets. Others July 8, Manufacturing Dates Williams tools are generally not marked with a date code or other explicit indication of the manufacturing date. Face Markings on Wrenches Williams changed the style of the face markings on its wrenches several times over the years, and these markings therefore provide an approximate guide to the manufacturing date.

Williams Early "Brooklyn" Face Markings. Williams Oval "Brooklyn" Face Markings. Williams Oval "Forged" Face Markings. Williams "Forged in U. Williams "U. Alloy Specifications and Markings One slightly puzzling aspect of the Williams "Superrench" line is the variation in the markings for alloy content.

Patent Pending Markings on Obstruction Wrenches. Patent Notice on Waterpump Wrenches. Review of Markings on Oval-Shank Wrenches. Williams U. Face Marking. Conclusions We'll now attempt to summarize the observations noted above into some guidelines for interpreting the alloy markings. First Use of "Alloy" Marking.

Transition to "Chrome-Alloy" Marking. References and Resources Photographs and observations of particular tools are based on items in the Alloy Artifacts collection. Catalog Coverage J. Drop-Forgings , Booklet : 10th Ed.

Drop-Forgings Booklet 14th Ed. Superior Drop-Forgings , Booklet : 14th Ed. Superior Drop-Forgings Booklet 15th Ed. Tools of Industry , Booklet : 15th Ed. Superior Drop-Forgings , Booklet : 17th Ed. Headquarters still in Brooklyn. Superior Drop-Forgings ?

Booklet Pages. Alloy steel tappet wrenches in models 90, 92, 94, and Notes change to chrome-nickel finishes. Update booklet. Earliest known listing of sockets and drive tools. Sockets made of "Chrome-Alloy" steel. Sets Nos. Eight-in-One "Multisocket" wrench available. Tools if Industry ? Tools of Industry ? Full-size Undated, no copyright. Price change sticker dated Box-end wrenches note licensed Blackmar patent. S "Superratchet" available.

Angled "Duohex-Box" wrenches available. Adjustable wrenches in carbon steel and chrome-alloy steel. X-series 1 inch hex drive still available. NX-series 1 inch square drive available. Industrial Ed. Alloy content listed as "Selected Alloy Steel". Full-size 72 pages. Box-end and combination wrenches with raised panels.

Williams Division of United-Greenfield Corporation. Open-end and combination wrenches in flat-shank design. Box-end wrenches in flat-shank design. HA ratchet head available. A Vulcan Tools ? Full-size 88 pages. Sockets made with cold-forming process "Impact Extruded". Adjustable wrenches in AP- chrome and AB- industrial series. Full-size pages. X 1 inch drive flex handle has cross-bar hole.

Adjustable wrenches with raised ridge around hanging hole. Most tools available in industrial black finish. Half-size pages. No cross-bar hole on 1 inch drive sockets. Williams Division of TRW.

Industrial Distributors Williams tools were offered by many industrial and automotive supply companies, and the catalogs from these companies provide valuable references for Williams tools. Early Tools The earliest tools produced by Williams were generally marked with "J.

Williams No. Vulcan No.